Specifically, tofacitinib is a DMARD or a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug manufactured by Pfizer Inc. According to Yvonne Greenstreet, MD, people with rheumatoid arthritis need additional management options and Pfizer will continue to work hand in hand with FDA in order to provide this to patients.

The approval of FDA in regard to tofacitinib is not expected until August after following the recommendations of the advisory committee on the drug. Once it has been approved, Pfizer promised to make tofacitinib available for patients.

Tofacitinib is a drug, which is classified under JAK inhibitors. This group of drugs works by blocking the Janus associated kinase (JAK), which is involved in the immune response of the body. This results in fighting inflammation inside the cells that may relieve joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Once inflammation subsides, the immune system will no longer produce harmful chemicals that damage the joints. The immune system and inflammatory mediators normally protect the body from injury and infection, but in rheumatoid arthritis, it tends to be malfunctioned leading to self-destruction of tissues in the joints. Biologic agents work by fighting inflammation from the outside of the cells. The advantage of JAK inhibitors such as tofacitinib includes being able to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis by blocking the signaling intracellularly. According to the scientific director of the National Institute of Arthritis, John O’Shea, the discovery of tofacitinib was performed initially about 20 years ago, and it has led to a new drug that can possibly treat rheumatoid arthritis.

JAK inhibitors are oral medications made from small molecule compounds, in contrast to biological agents for rheumatoid arthritis that are given via infusions or injections. The FDA has the decision to approve the formulations of tofacitinib either 5 mg and 10 mg. The FDA is also the power to decide for whom the drug will be indicated as other autoimmune diseases may also require this medication.

When tofacitinib is already out in the market, it would be a tough competition between JAK inhibitors and biological agent such as adalimumab and etanercept.

JAK inhibitors are less complicated to manufacture than biologic agents, which may mean that it would be less expensive than the costly biologic agents. However, Pfizer still has not made any comment in regard to price.

Once it receives FDA approval, committee members, who recommended its approval, also recommend further long-term studies regarding the drug in order to continuously study its effects and possible adverse reactions of the drug.

Guest Author bio

Dr. Alapati Amarendra, the author born and raised in India, currently writes on health benefits and dental implants.

Non-specific and Lower Back Pain

• The most common form of back pain is lower back pain.  Figures suggest that at least 80 per cent of individuals will suffer from this at some, or several, points in their life.  In reality, probably everybody will suffer with this type of pain at some stage.  The lower back is particularly vulnerable to stress and strain as it is where we bend our bodies.  Lifting heavy objects incorrectly, stretching too far, twisting sharply or simply sitting incorrectly can all put strain on the tendons, the muscles and the vertebrae.  Wear and tear on this part of the back over longer periods can result in back pain but it can also result from just a single movement.
• This type of back pain is probably the easiest to treat.  Painkillers will offer fast relief and physiotherapy can help the healing process.  General back pain can take up to twelve weeks to heal depending on the cause of the injury or strain.  It’s important to keep active and moving during the healing process as this stops muscles and tendons from stiffening – which could lead to further injury.

Sciatica and Arthritis Related Pain

Chronic back pain is the most debilitating type of back problem.  The constant nature of the pain can affect individuals negatively both physically and mentally.  Apart from making it hard to complete many daily tasks, the pain is a constant irritation which can lead to low moods and also cause insomnia.  Painkillers can help in the short term but many people prefer drug free pain relief, where possible, for longer term conditions.  The two most common causes of chronic pain are sciatic and arthritis.

• The sciatic nerve runs down the spine and continues down the legs.  Pain is experienced in the back and often in the legs – sometimes right down the leg to the calf and foot.  Pregnant women often experience excessive pressure on the sciatic nerve, which will cause pain and discomfort throughout pregnancy.  Injuries to the discs between vertebrae can also cause sciatic pain.  Damage to the disc can cause it to leak fluid putting pressure on the nerve and resulting in pain.  In extreme cases surgery may be required – although is not always effective.  Long term solutions include careful use of pain killers, while taking medical advice is essential.  Physiotherapy can also relieve this type of pain – normally focussing on strengthening the muscles and tendons that support the spine and thereby reducing pressure on the damaged disc.
• Arthritis is another cause of chronic persistent back pain.  Inflammation in the spine can cause pressure on nerves and joints, again creating severe and often long term, pain.  Normally courses of drugs provided by your doctor, along with physiotherapy, can help to alleviate some of the pain.  Drug free pain relief products may also provide relief and help you to stay mobile.

In the majority of cases back pain will resolve itself without the need for medical treatment or drugs.  If you are experiencing back pain it is important to stay active while also taking care of your back.  Lifting correctly, sitting correctly and not over-straining your back should all help to alleviate the pain.  If pain persists, or is not easily relived by painkillers, you should consult your doctor.  Good back care and correct posture should help to minimise the risks of injury to your back.  Remember your back plays that crucial supporting role throughout your life, so make sure you give it the tender, loving care it deserves.

Back pain is experienced by the majority of people at some point in their lives.  Good back care and correct posture can help to reduce the risks.  In most cases back injuries and strains will resolve themselves quickly and need nothing more than painkillers or drug free pain relief products to help the recovery process.

When arthritis statistics is analyzed, it is found that western countries, especially North American and European countries have more percentage of sufferers. Also six in every ten arthritis patient are women and more than 65% patients are below 65 years of age! It’s also not shocking to know that arthritis is prevalent in people of all age groups including children and juveniles. Governmental agencies are no wonder trying hard to provide affordable arthritis treatment to victims.

Arthritis Causes and symptoms:

Body Immune system: a disorder called Rheumatoid Arthritis where the immune system of the body by mistake detects the liner tissues and cartilages around the bones in joints and destroys them. This results in increased friction between bones during movement and mostly affects the fingers, knees and elbow. Symptoms include severe pain, rashes and redness in skin around the affected joints. Fever is also a common occurrence, but it’s actually a result of the severe pain.

General wear and tear: Most common Arthritis cause and the most prevalent form of arthritis is the OA (Osteoarthritis). It is a natural cause and mostly occurs in aged people (above 60). In women it is most commonly found due to the lack of physical activity or obesity. Usually the joints which take weight like hips, knees, back and spine are vulnerable to this. Though there are no arthritis treatment methods available for this type, the condition can be improved providing relief.

Uric Acid Crystallization: A condition called as the Gout, occurs when uric acid is deposited in the joints in the form of crystals. These crystals inhibit the movement between the bones thus causing inflammation and wearing out of the tissues. The bone ends also appear as if it has been ‘punched out’. If the crystals are formed by calcium pyrophosphate and the structure is rhomboidal, then the condition is called Pseudo Gout. The gouty arthritis symptoms can gradually spread to other joints and eventually result in loss of functionality.

Other Arthritis causes: These arthritis symptoms and conditions can also be the result of a major accidental injury. Bacterial and viral infections in the bone joints are also known to cause arthritis. Damage to the joints due to sudden shock loads can also eventually end up in Arthritis disorders of the above or any other type.

Other common Arthritis Symptoms: Arthritis can induce abnormal pain in the night time and immediately when one wakes up in the morning, reduced mobility of body parts, extreme stiffness in the joints, tiredness and feeling of sickness.

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• Rheumatoid Arthritis Prognosis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis Signs and Symptoms
• Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• RA Diet
• Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoarthritis:

• Degenerative Arthritis
• Signs and Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
• Osteoarthritis Pain
• Treatment of Osteoarthritis
• Osteoarthritis Natural Remedies

Gout:

• Symptoms of Gout
• Gouty Arthritis Treatment
• Gout Natural Remedies
• Diet for Gout Sufferers

Lupus:

• What is Lupus Disease
• Lupus Causes
• Lupus Treatment Options
• Lupus in Men
• Symptoms of Lupus in Women

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For most people affected by osteoarthritis, the idea of osteoarthritis natural remedies or diets seem like a waste of time or a fraud carefully planned by a charlatan who wants to benefit from their affliction. However, it is widely accepted by OA specialists that an effective osteoarthritis diet can provide great relief to patients from this type of arthritis.

It isn’t hard to understand why the idea of a diet for osteoarthritis raises such skepticism. Osteoarthritis patients have to deal with swelling, painful joints, movement difficulties and even stiffness on a daily basis. For these people, the thought that their situation could be eased by something as simple as a proper diet is, if not a blatant lie or at least fiction.

However, for those of you less skeptical and willing to try something different in their daily battle against osteoarthritis, this article will provide you the insight of an efficient osteoarthritis diet.

Foods to Avoid in Your Osteoarthritis Diet

While the idea of forbidden foods might have a negative psychological impact on some readers, it should help you understand that in order to overcome the symptoms of OA, it is vital to keep these foods out of your daily menu.

Nightshade plants – potatoes 9except sweet potatoes), eggplants, most types of peppers (except black peppers), tomatoes and even tobacco contain Solanine, a natural poison which acts as a defense mechanism. Although not all arthritic patients who eat nightshade plants experience pain after eating. There are thousands of reported cases when, after eating potatoes, eggplants or other nightshade plants, people have experienced excruciating arthritis pain.

Other foods that contain Solanine are: artichokes, blueberries, cayenne, pickles and yeast.

Alcohol, saturated fats, nuts, sugar and coffee consumption should also be reduced to a minimum in your osteoarthritis diet.

If you feel that you’re unprepared for excluding all of these foods from your diet at once, experiment by excluding one at a time and noticing any changes in the evolution of your condition. After identifying which one of these foods affects you, you can include the non-harmful ones back into your diet list.

Osteoarthritis Natural Remedies – Foods to Include

On the plus side, there are a lot of nutritious, delicious foods you can greatly benefit from once included on your list of osteoarthritis natural remedies.

Foods rich in vitamin C are often recommended for people who suffer from osteoarthritis. Poor levels of vitamin C are, in fact, a main trigger of joint inflammation and cartilage damage. Vitamin C catalyzes collagen and proteoglycans production, the primary components of any cartilage. However, an excessive vitamin C dosage can prove to be harmful in OA. This is why it is important to consult your physician first, to find out the right vitamin C dosage for you.

Foods that contain vitamin C are: citrus (oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits), broccoli, papaya, kiwi, strawberries, Brussels sprouts, cantaloupe.

Vitamin D is also beneficial for your osteoarthritis diet. Foods such as salmon, sardines, fortified milkand some types of yogurts are known for their high concentration of vitamin D. Vitamin D has an inhibitory characteristic, which slows down the evolution of osteoarthritis.

Beta-carotene rich foods should also be part of your diet for osteoarthritis. Beta-carotene inhibits the expansion of osteoarthritis through its antioxidant proprieties.  Foods that incorporate the highest amounts of beta-carotene are: baked sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, oatmeal, peaches, kale and pumpkins.

Foods that contain fiber are also extremely beneficial as osteoarthritis natural remedies. They speed up weight loss, reduce the risk of medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease and help in the repair of the arthritic joints.

Foods that contain high-fiber include: whole grain breads, muffins and bagels, breakfast cereals, corn, popcorn and brown rice.

Conclusion

Osteoarthritis is an extremely unpleasant and painful medical condition. Several treatments for OA are now widely available, such as physical therapy, medication, joint injections and even replacement surgery. However, osteoarthritis natural remedies have also proven effective in slowing down the evolution of OA and overcoming its symptoms.

Adjusting your diet for osteoarthritis according to the information presented earlier could provide tremendous help in your battle against OA. However, before you do so it is important to consult your physician or an OA nutritionist, to receive a list of the exact foods and dosages you should keep in mind when planning your own osteoarthritis diet.

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Osteoarthritis Pain Relief

Osteoarthritis pain relief can be achieved through a combination of medication, physical therapy or surgical procedures, depending on the severity of the symptom and on the sufferer’s general health. In patients with incipient forms of the rheumatoid variant of this disease, osteoarthritis pain can be reduced using over the counter and home remedies as well. [...read more]

Treatment for Osteoarthritis

Since the causes of osteoarthritis can multiple, the condition frequently occurring as a consequence of another disease, a single effective osteoarthritis treatment does not exist. If you or someone in your family has been recently diagnosed with this condition, consulting your physician should help you find an efficient treatment for osteoarthritis. Before we go further with this article, you need to understand a few things about osteoarthritis. OA has a chronic behavior and it worsens in time if neglected… [...read more]

Osteoarthritis Symptoms

With more than 20 million victims and a number of suspects impossible to approximate, osteoarthritis (OA) claims its place among the leading causes of disability in the U.S. adult population. The signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis include loss of mobility, muscular spasms and joint pain. However, these characteristics are common for most types of arthritis, making it hard to tell the exact symptoms of osteoarthritis. [...read more]

Degenerative Arthritis

It is common to have the occasional stiff or creaky joint as you become older. However, if you notice a knee or hip becoming increasingly problematic then you may be experiencing osteoarthritis symptoms, a “wear and tear” form of arthritis, which develops slowly and gradually over the course of several years and is also known as degenerative arthritis. If you suffer from this condition, there are plenty of osteoarthritis treatments for you to consider so that you can still enjoy life to the full. [...read more]

Living with a serious medical condition isn’t easy. Osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions of people worldwide through joint pain, moving difficulty and even stiffness. Since the causes of osteoarthritis can multiple, the condition frequently occurring as a consequence of another disease, a single effective osteoarthritis treatment does not exist. If you or someone in your family has been recently diagnosed with this condition, consulting your physician should help you find an efficient treatment for osteoarthritis.

Before we go further with this article, you need to understand a few things about osteoarthritis. OA has a chronic behavior and it worsens in time if neglected. So far a cure for OA has not been found, however there are several osteoarthritis treatments which provide comfort and pain relief to those affected.

Weight Loss and Physical Therapy Play Crucial Roles in Osteoarthritis Treatment

Dealing with a condition which causes joint inflammation can be extremely unpleasant if you lost control upon your weight. It is widely known that between osteoarthritis and obesity, exists a strong connection. Therefore, since it is a degenerative type of arthritis, a good treatment of osteoarthritis to start with, is weight loss. Revise your diet or consider following an osteoarthritis diet and try physical exercises, as well. Not only you will reduce the pressure on the affected joints, you will also help their motility.

Orthoses and Assistive Devices

Using orthoses (medical devices for OA) represent another efficient form of osteoarthritis treatment. These devices – such as special OA shoes, splints or braces – stabilize and reduce the pressure in the affected joints.
In addition canes, walkers and even electrical seat lifts can be used in order to improve the life quality of osteoarthritis sufferers, by making movement a little less inconvenient.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Although the use of TENS as treatment for osteoarthritis has raised controversies in the medical world, there are several reported cases when the use of electrical stimuli has helped lowering the pain in the arthritic joints. TENS generate a mild electrical current which inhibits the transmission of arthritic pain signals to the brain.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Perhaps the most popular form of treatment of osteoarthritis is the use of NSAIDs. Like the name says itself, NSAIDs are drugs that help reduce inflammation in the affected joints and provide some pain relief, as well.

Joint Injections

There are two types of injections commonly used as treatment for osteoarthritis: glucocorticoid injections and hyaluronate injections. Gluccocorticoid injections are effective in inhibiting joint swelling. They are frequently prescribed to those patients who, because of other medications, aren’t allowed to use NSAIDs. Hyaluronate injections are usually applied to the arthritic knees and offer instant pain relief. Despite a possible but minimum inflammation risk, many patients prefer this type of injection because it relieves pain for a period ranging from a few weeks to several months.

Surgical Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Although not a popular form of osteoarthritis treatment, surgery is sometimes recommended. This happens mostly when the cartilage of an affected joint deteriorates to the point of breaking, making it impossible for doctors to save it. In order to avoid the excruciating pain of the bones rubbing against each other and any further complications, surgical intervention is prescribed, to replace the arthritic joint. The most common type of OA surgery is the knee replacement surgery.

Conclusions

In conclusion it’s safe to say that despite being able to provide a cure for OA, doctors are able to provide efficient osteoarthritis treatments that make the symptoms of OA less visible. TENS, NSAIDs, joint injections and assistive devices are just some of the options an arthritic patient has these days. If you’re not sure whether or not you sure try any of them to overcome the pain and discomfort caused by OA, appoint a meeting with your physician or OA specialist as soon as possible.

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Osteoarthritis Symptoms

With more than 20 million victims and a number of suspects impossible to approximate, osteoarthritis (OA) claims its place among the leading causes of disability in the U.S. adult population. Osteoarthritis symptoms include loss of mobility, muscular spasms and joint pain. However, these characteristics are common for most types of arthritis, making it hard to tell the exact symptoms of osteoarthritis. [...read more]

Osteoarthritis Pain Relief

Osteoarthritis pain relief can be achieved through a combination of medication, physical therapy or surgical procedures, depending on the severity of the symptom and on the sufferer’s general health. In patients with incipient forms of the rheumatoid variant of this disease, osteoarthritis pain can be reduced using over the counter and home remedies as well. [...read more]

Osteoarthritis

It is common to have the occasional stiff or creaky joint as you become older. However, if you notice a knee or hip becoming increasingly problematic then you may be experiencing osteoarthritis symptoms, a “wear and tear” form of arthritis, which develops slowly and gradually over the course of several years and is also known as degenerative arthritis. If you suffer from this condition, there are plenty of osteoarthritis treatments for you to consider so that you can still enjoy life to the full. [...read more]

Diet for Osteoarthritis

For most people affected by osteoarthritis, the idea of osteoarthritis natural remedies or diets seem like a waste of time or a fraud carefully planned by a charlatan who wants to benefit from their affliction. However, it is widely accepted by OA specialists that an effective osteoarthritis diet can provide great relief to patients from this type of arthritis. [...read more]

Identifying an autoimmune disease is not an easy task and lupus is no exception. Due to its various, copycat symptoms, doctors cannot tell for sure what causes lupus. What lupus causes in its victims, on the other hand, is not as hard to tell or observe: pain, discomfort and in many cases even depression.

What Causes Lupus?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), better known as lupus, is an autoimmune affliction that has a deep impact on several organs in the human body. The American College of Rheumatology made a list of eleven symptoms which describe the condition best. If four out of these symptoms are confirmed in a patient, a diagnosis can be made and this is due to the fact that most of the symptoms of lupus are frequently encountered in other medical conditions.

Unfortunately, it is the symptomatology of this condition that makes the causes of lupus so hard to pinpoint.  One hypothesis is that the condition’s origins are genetic. This statement is based on the fact that in many cases lupus has a hereditary characteristic. However, there are thousands of families in which only one or only a few members are affected, therefore this theory is not conclusive.

Statistically speaking, 90% of the people affected by lupus are women. Specialists use these numbers to investigate hormones as a possible cause of lupus. In addition, African American and Hispanic women seem to develop lupus more often than Caucasian women. However, so far there is no scientific proof that any of the the female hormones cause lupus.

Other lupus causes could be environmental: exposure to sunlight, stress, pollution and even medication. Again, however, this interpretation does not stand strong, because lupus mainly affects people of ages between 15 and 45 and not below or over.

Infections are also believed to be among the causes of lupus. The Epstein-Barr virus is a very common cause of infection in humans, causing fever and sore throat. After being treated, the virus doesn’t disappear, but remains dormant. Although a clear explanation cannot be given at this point, the presence of the Epstein-Barr seems to trigger the development of lupus.

Chemicals seem to play their own role in the evolution of this condition. People who work in hazardous environments and come into contact with mercury or silica, present an increased risk of developing lupus.

Conclusion

It’s hard to say what causes lupus. Despite the fact that the condition has been categorized into four major types – systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus, drug-induced lupus and neonatal lupus, doctors have difficulty in understanding its patterns so far. Although drug-induced lupus – the type of lupus caused by medication – seems to diminish after the triggering medication is stopped, there isn’t enough data to connect its nature with the other types of lupus.

Lupus causes pain, discomfort and most important of all, depression in its victims. It uses its various symptoms to masquerade as other diseases and it causes emotional distress not only for the afflicted persons, but their loved ones as well. It is very important to understand that lupus is not contagious and that maintaining an optimistic and supportive attitude can greatly benefit those affected.

Articles related to lupus causes:

Lupus Symptoms in Women

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Symptoms of Lupus in Men

Did you know that doctors tend to call lupus a copycat disease because most of the lupus symptoms in men and women are quite similar to the symptoms of various other conditions? It usually takes time and thorough research to diagnose lupus in men as the condition can mimic several other health issues. The signs and symptoms of lupus in men include… [...read more]

Lupus Treatment

Being recently diagnosed with lupus can be a very frightening experience, especially when you find out that no lupus treatment options are available, which can completely cure the disease. However, your concerns shouldn’t exceed normal limits. Despite being an incurable condition, treatment for lupus is available and these options were developed to effectively manage the condition. [...read more]

What Causes Lupus?

Identifying an autoimmune disease is not an easy task and lupus makes no exception. Due to its various, generic symptoms, doctors cannot tell for sure what the causes of lupus are. What lupus causes in its victims, on the other hand, is not as hard to tell or observe: pain, discomfort and in many cases even depression. [...read more]